Initial performance metrics of a new custom-designed ArF excimer LA-ICPMS system coupled to a two-volume laser-ablation cell

Abstract

We measure the performance improvement that force feedback can provide in a virtual environment, through three experiments with, and without the assistance of haptic guidance. Performance measurements were undertaken with haptic, visual and auditory feedback alternatives. The first task investigated the use of haptic guidance mimicking reality, in the form of a simulated touchable surface of an object. The second investigated haptic guidance which waxed and waned as the user violated program rules by varying amounts. The third experiment investigated whether this latter artificial guidance would inhibit the user's free will by taking control out of their hands. The results showed that a significant improvement in both accuracy and speed was achieved by the introduction of haptics in all experiments. It also found that the haptic guidance did not take control away from the user and that they had significantly more control than with conventional warning methods. These experiments were not aimed at learning, or retention of skill, but on using haptics as an aid to improve performance during a task. Due to the rapidly increasing software content in embedded systems, Hardware-dependent Software (HdS) has become a critical topic in system design. In this paper, we provide a brief overview on the topic of HdS, discuss the issues and complexities involved in the design of HdS, and motivate the need for special attention to HdS in research and development. A new custom-built excimer (193 nm) laser-ablation system with two-volume laser-ablation cell coupled to a quadrupole ICPMS is described, which combines rapid (< 1.5 s for 99%) signal washout with full flexibility in sample size (50 x 50 x 25 mm) and high sensitivity (> 10000 cps/ppm for mid-high m/z, 55 mu m, 5 Hz). An application of reconstructing medieval Pb exposure highlights the need for rapid signal washout in unravelling strongly varying Pb peaks in well-preserved archaeological tooth enamel.