Manos Tsakiris (2008) Looking for Myself: Current Multisensory Input Alters Self-Face Recognition. PLoS ONE, 3 (12). pp. 1-6. ISSN 1932-6203
Full text access: Open
How do I know the person I see in the mirror is really me? Is it because I know the person simply looks like me, or is it because the mirror reflection moves when I move, and I see it being touched when I feel touch myself? Studies of facerecognition suggest that visual recognition of stored visual features inform self-face recognition. In contrast, body recognition studies conclude that multisensory integration is the main cue to selfhood. The present study investigates for the first time the specific contribution of current multisensory input for self-face recognition. Participants were stroked on their face while they were looking at a morphed face being touched in synchrony or asynchrony. Before and after the visuotactile stimulation participants performed a self-recognition task. The results show that multisensory signals have a significant effect on self-face recognition. Synchronous tactile stimulation while watching another person’s face being similarly touched produced a bias in recognizing one’s own face, in the direction of the other person included in the representation of one’s own face. Multisensory integration can update cognitive representations of one’s body, such as the sense of ownership. The present study extends this converging evidence by showing that the correlation of synchronous multisensory signals also updates the representation of one’s face. The face is a key feature of our identity, but at the same time is a source of rich multisensory experiences used to maintain or update self-representations.
This is a Published version This version's date is: 24/12/2008 This item is peer reviewed
https://repository.royalholloway.ac.uk/items/a63aaeb5-ecf9-db1e-c6ac-3a472a424c50/1/
Deposited by Al Dean (ZSRA118) on 08-Mar-2010 in Royal Holloway Research Online.Last modified on 07-Jan-2011
(C) 2008 Tsakiris. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
1. Gillihan SJ, Farah MJ (2005) Is self special? A critical review of evidence from experimental psychology and cognitive neuroscience. Psychol Bull 131: 76–97.
2. Keenan JP, Wheeler MA, Gallup GG Jr, Pascual-Leone A (2000) Selfrecognition and the right prefrontal cortex. Trends Cog Sci 4: 338–344.
3. Jeannerod M (2003) The mechanism of self-recognition in humans. Beh Brain Res 142: 1–15.
4. Brady N, Campbell M, Flaherty M (2004) My left brain and me: a dissociation in the perception of self and others. Neuropsych 42: 1156–61.
5. Brady N, Campbell M, Flaherty M (2005) Perceptual asymmetries are preserved in memory for highly familiar faces of self and friend. Brain & Cog 58: 334–42.
6. Bre´dart S (2003) Recognising the usual orientation of one’s own face: the role of asymmetrically located details. Perception 32: 805–11.
7. Tong F, Nakayama K (1999) Robust representations for faces: evidence from visual search. J Exp Psych:HPP 25: 1016–35.
8. Farrer C, Franck N, Paillard J, Jeannerod M (2003b) The role of proprioception in action recognition. Con & Cog 12: 609–619.
9. Tsakiris M, Haggard P (2005) The rubber hand illusion revisited: visuotactile integration and self-attribution. J Exp Psych:HPP 31: 80–91.
10. Tsakiris M, Haggard P, Franck N, Mainy N, Sirigu A (2005) A specific role for efferent information in self-recognition. Cognition 96: 215–231.
11. van den Bos E, Jeannerod M (2002) Sense of body and sense of action both contribute to self-recognition. Cognition 85: 177–187.
12. Petkova VI, Ehrsson HH (2008) If I were you: perceptual illusion of body swapping. PLoS ONE 3(12): e3832.
13. Bruce V, Young A (1986) Understanding face recognition. British J Psych 77: 305–327.
14. Tanaka JW, Farah MJ (1993) Parts and wholes in face recognition. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A 46(2): 225–45.
15. Haxby JV, Hoffman EA, Gobbini MI (2000) The distributed human neural system for face perception. Trends Cog Sci 6: 223–233.
16. Keenan JP, Nelson A, O’Connor M, Pascual-Leone A (2001) Neurology: Selfrecognition and the right hemisphere. Nature 409: 305.
17. Keenan JP, Freund S, Hamilton RH, Ganis G, Pascual-Leone A (2000) Hand response differences in a self-face identification task. Neuropsych 38: 1047–1053.
18. Keenan JP, McCutcheon B, Freund S, Gallup GG, Sanders G, et al. (1999) Left hand advantage in a self-face recognition task. Neuropsych 37: 1421–1425.
19. Platek SM, Keenan JP, Gallup GG, Mohamed FB (2004) Where am I? The neurological correlates of self and other. Cog Brain Res 19: 114–122.
20. Uddin LQ, Kaplan JT, Molnar-Szakacs I, Zaidel E, Iacoboni M (2005) Self-face recognition activates a frontoparietal ‘‘mirror’’ network in the right hemisphere: an event-related fMRI study. Neuroimage 25: 926–35.
21. Bre´dart S, Young AW (2004) Self-recognition in everyday life. Cog Neuropsychiatry 9: 183–97.
22. Botvinick M, Cohen J (1998) Rubber hands ‘feel’ touch that eyes see. Nature 391: 756.
23. Ehrsson HH, Spence C, Passingham RE (2004) That’s my hand! Activity in premotor cortex reflects feeling of ownership of a limb. Science 305: 875–877.
24. Longo M, Schu¨u¨ r F, Kammers MPM, Tsakiris M, Haggard P. Self, other and the body-image. Acta Psychol, in press.
25. Tsakiris M, Prabhu G, Haggard P (2006) Having a body versus moving your body: how agency structures body-ownership. Con & Cog 15: 423–432.
26. Slaughter V, Stone VE, Reed C (2004) Perception of faces and bodies. Similar or different? Curr Dir Psych Sci 13: 219–223.
27. Kanwisher N, Yovel G (2006) The fusiform face area: a cortical region specialized for the perception of faces. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 361: 2109–28.
28. Downing PE, Jiang Y, Shuman M, Kanwisher N (2001) A cortical area selective for visual processing of the human body. Science 293: 2470–3.
29. Tsakiris M, Hesse M, Boy C, Haggard P, Fink GR (2007) Neural correlates of body-ownership: a sensory network for bodily self-consciousness. Cer Cortex 17: 2235–2244.
30. Farrer C, Frith CD (2002) Experiencing oneself vs. another person as being the cause of an action: The neural correlates of the experience of agency. NeuroImage 15: 596–603.
31. Farrer C, Franck N, Georgieff N, Frith CD, Decety J, et al. (2003) Modulating the experience of agency: a positron emission tomography study. Neuroimage 18: 324–333.
32. Kircher TTJ, Senior C, Phillips ML, Rabe-Hesketh S, Benson PJ, et al. (2001) Recognizing one’s own face. Cognition 78: B1–B15.
33. Devue C, Collette F, Balteau E, Degueldre C, Luxen A, Maquet P, et al. (2007) Here I am: the cortical correlates of visual self-recognition. Brain Res 1143: 169–82.
34. Postal KS (2005) The mirror sign delusional misidentification symptom. In Feinberg TE, Keenan JP, eds. The Lost Self: Pathologies of the Brain and Identity Oxford University Press. pp 131–147.
35. Barnier AJ, Cox RE, O’Connor A, Coltheart M, Langdon R, et al. (2008) Developing hypnotic analogues of clinical delusions: mirrored-self misidentification. Cog Neuropsychiat 13: 406–30.
36. Serino A, Pizzoferrato F, La`davas E (2008) Viewing a face (especially one’s own face) being touched enhances tactile perception on the face. Psych Science 19: 434–8.
37. Platek SM, Thomson JW, Gallup GG Jr (2004) Cross-modal self-recognition: the role of visual, auditory, and olfactory primes. Conscious Cogn 13: 197–210.
38. Longo M, Schu¨u¨ r F, Kammers MPM, Tsakiris M, Haggard P. What is Embodiment? A Psychometric Approach Cognition 107: 978–98.
39. Bertenthal B, Fisher K (1987) Development of self-recognition in the infant. Dev Psych 14: 44–50.
40. Rochat P (2003) Five levels of self-awareness as they unfold early in life. Con & Cog 12: 717–731.
41. Metlzoff AN (2006) The ‘like me’ framework for recognizing and becoming an intentional agent. Acta Psychologica 124: 26–43.
42. Meltzoff AN (2008) ‘Like me’: a foundation for social cognition. Developmental Science 10: 126–134.
43. Sebanz N, Knoblich G, Prinz W (2003) Representing others’ actions: Just like one’s own? Cognition 88: B11–B21.
44. Bertenthal BI, Longo MR, Kosobud A (2006) Imitative response tendencies observation of intransitive actions. J Exp Psych: HPP 32: 210–225.