ALAN C. GANGE and James A. Wearn (2007) Above-ground herbivory causes rapid and sustained changes in mycorrhizal colonization of grasses. Oecologia, 153 (4). pp. 959-971. ISSN 0029-8549
Full text access: Open
This study investigated the effects of grazing by rabbit and insect herbivores on root-colonization of grasses by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in two lowland grasslands in southern England, UK. A temporal assessment from grazing exclosures was also made. Root samples from three grass species at each site were analyzed in terms of total mycorrhizal colonization and proportional colonization by individual mycorrhizal structures. Colonization was increased by moderate levels of rabbit grazing at both sites. The change was fast, consistent throughout the sampled field plots, and temporally sustainable. There was no significant effect of insect herbivory on total colonization but proportional colonization by different AM structures was affected on some sample dates where vertebrate herbivores had been removed, indicating a herbivore-dependent effect on the degree of benefit within the plant-fungal partnership. The results suggest that the type of herbivore and defoliation intensity to which plants are subjected are key determinants of below-ground effects upon mycorrhizal-host plant symbiosis. This information has strong implications regarding restoration and management of grassland ecosystems.
This is a Draft version This version's date is: 10/2007 This item is peer reviewed
https://repository.royalholloway.ac.uk/items/65035898-b910-4e1a-a91c-2845f6930a90/1/
Deposited by Al Dean (ZSRA118) on 22-Mar-2010 in Royal Holloway Research Online.Last modified on 15-Dec-2010
(C) 2007 Springer Verlag , whose permission to mount this version for private study and research is acknowledged. The repository version is the author's final draft.
Alvey S, Yang C-H, Buerkert A, Crowley DE (2003) Cereal/legume rotation effects on rhizosphere bacterial community structure in West African soils. Biol Fert Soils 37:73-82 Anon. (2006) Provado Ultimate Bug Killer Concentrate Safety Data Sheet. Bayer Crop Science URL www.bayercropscience.com
Bardgett RD, Cook R (1998) Functional aspects of soil animal diversity in agricultural grasslands. Appl Soil Ecol 10:263-276
Bardgett RD, Bowman WD, Kaufmann R, Schmidt SK (2005) A temporal approach to linking aboveground and belowground ecology. Trends Ecol Evol 20:634-641
Bardgett RD, Jones AC, Jones DL, Kemmitt SJ, Cook R, Hobbs PJ (2001) Soil microbial community patterns related to history and intensity of grazing in sub-montane ecosystems. Soil Biol Biochem 33:1653-1664
Bethlenfalvay GJ, Dakessian S (1984) Grazing effects on mycorrhizal colonization and floristic composition of the vegetation of semiarid range in Northern Nevada. J Range Manage 37:312-316
Bever JD, Schultz PA, Pringle PA, Morton JB (2001) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: More diverse than meets the eye, and the ecological tale of why. Bioscience 51:923-931
Brown VK, Gange AC (1999) Plant diversity in successional grasslands: How is it modified by foliar insect herbivory? In: Kratochwil A (ed) Biodiversity in Ecosystems. Kluwer Academic, The Netherlands, pp 133-146
Corbet GB, Harris S (1991) The Handbook of British Mammals.
Blackwell, Oxford UK Crawley MJ (2004) URL www.bio.ic.ac.uk/research/mjcraw/crawley.htm
Duckmanton L, Widden P (1994) Effect of ozone on the development of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae in sugar maple saplings. Mycologia 86:181-186
Dyer MI, Detling JK, Coleman DC, Hilbert DW (1982) The role of herbivores in grasslands. In: Estes JR, Tyrl RJ, Brunken JN (eds) Grasses and Grasslands. University of Oklahoma Press, Oklahoma, pp 255-295
Edwards GR, Crawley MJ, Heard MS (1999) Factors affecting molehill distribution in grassland: implications for controlling the damage caused by molehills. J Appl Ecol 36:434-442
Edwards GR, Bourdôt GW, Crawley MJ (2000) Influence of herbivory, competition and soil fertility on the abundance of Cirsium arvense in acid grassland. J Appl Ecol 37:321-334
Eom AH, Wilson GWT, Hartnett DC (2001) Effects of ungulate grazers on arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis and fungal community structure in tallgrass prairie. Mycologia 93:233-242
Estes JR, Tyrl RJ, Brunken JN (1982) Grasses and Grasslands: Systematics and Ecology. University of Oklahoma Press, Oklahoma USA Fitter AH (1991) Costs and benefits of mycorrhizas: implications for functioning under natural conditions. Experientia 47:350-355
Gange AC (2006) Insect-mycorrhizal interactions: patterns, processes and consequences. In: Ohgushi T, Craig TP, Price PW (eds) Ecological Communities: Plant mediation in indirect interaction webs. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 124-144
Gange AC, Ayres RL (1999) On the relation between arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization and plant ‘benefit’. Oikos 87:615-621
Gange AC, Bower E, Brown VK (2002) Differential effects of insect herbivory on arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization. Oecologia 131:103-112
Gange AC, Nice HE (1997) Performance of the thistle gall fly, Urophora cardui, in relations to host plant nitrogen and mycorrhizal colonization. New Phytol 137:335-343
Gange AC, West HM (1994) Interactions between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and foliar-feeding insects in Plantago lanceolata L. New Phytol 128:79-87
Gehring CA, Whitham TG (1994) Interactions between aboveground herbivores and the mycorrhizal mutualists of plants. Trends Ecol Evol 9:251-255
Gemma JN, Koske RE, Roberts EM, Jackson N, De Antonis KM (1997) Mycorrhizal fungi improve drought resistance in creeping bentgrass. J Turf Sci 73:15-29
Giovannetti M, Sbrana C (1998) Meeting a non-host: the behaviour of AM fungi. Mycorrhiza 8:123-130
Holland EA, Detling JK (1990) Plant response to herbivory and belowground nitrogen cycling. Ecology 71:1040-1049
Johnson NC (1993) Can fertilization of soil select less mutualistic mycorrhizae? Ecol Appl 3:749-757
Johnson NC, Graham JH, Smith FA (1997) Functioning of mycorrhizal associations along the mutualism-parasitism continuum. New Phytol 135:575-586
Jolicoer M, Bouchard-Marchand E, Bécard G, Perrier M (2002) Regulation of mycorrhizal symbiosis: development of a structured nutritional dual model. Ecol Model 158:121-142
Jones DL, Hodge A, Kuzyakov Y (2004) Plant and mycorrhizal regulation of rhizodeposition. New Phytol 164:459-480
Kelly JM (1975) Dynamics of root biomass in two Eastern Tennessee old-field communities. Am Midl Nat 94:54-61
Keppel G, Saufley WH, Tokunaga H (1980) Introduction to Design and Analysis. A Student’s Handbook. Second Edition. Freeman Publishing, USA
Klironomos JN, McCune J, Moutoglis P (2004) Species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi affect mycorrhizal responses to simulated herbivory. Appl Soil Ecol 26:133-141
Koide RT, Lu X (1992) Mycorrhizal infection of wild oats: maternal effects on offspring growth and reproduction. Oecologia 90:218-226
Kula AAR, Hartnett DC, Wilson GWT (2005) Effects of mycorhhizal symbiosis on tallgrass prairie plant-herbivore interactions. Ecol Lett 8:61-69
Kuzyakov Y, Jones DL (2006) Glucose uptake by maize roots and its transformation in the rhizosphere. Soil Biol Biochem 38:851-860 Marschner H, Dell B (1994) Nutrient uptake in mycorrhizal symbiosis. Plant Soil 159:89-102
McGonigle TP, Miller MH, Evans DG, Fairchild GL, Swan JA (1990) A new method which gives an objective measure of colonization of roots by vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytol 115:495-501
McNaughton SJ (1984) Grazing lawns: animals in herds, plant form and coevolution. Am Nat 124:863-886
Mikola J, Nieminen M, Ilmarinen K, Vestberg M (2005) Belowground responses by AM fungi and animal trophic groups to repeated defoliation in an experimental grassland community. Soil Biol Biochem 37:1630-1639 Miller RM, Jastrow JD (1990) Hierarchy of root and mycorrhizal fungal interactions with soil aggregation. Soil Biol Biochem 22:579-584
Mullins JW (1993) Imidacloprid: a new nitroguanidine insecticide. In: Duke SO, Menn JJ, Plimmer JR (eds) Pest Control with Enhanced Environmental Safety. American Chemical Society Symposium, Washington DC USA, pp183-189
Murray P, Ostle N, Kenny C, Grant H (2004) Effect of defoliation on patterns of carbon exudation from Agrostis capillaries. J Plant Nutr Soil Sci 167:487-493
Muthukumar T, Udaiyan K (2002) Seasonality of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae in sedges in a semi-arid tropical grassland. Acta Oecologia 23:337-347
Newsham KK, Fitter AH, Watkinson AR (1995) Arbuscular mycorrhiza protect an annual grass from root pathogenic fungi in the field. J Ecol 83:991-1000
Noll M, Matthies D, Frenzel P, Derakshani M, Liesack W (2005) Succession of bacterial community structure and diversity in a paddy soil oxygen gradient. Environ Microbiol 7:382-395
Paterson E, Sim A (1999) Rhizodeposition and C-partitioning of Lolium perenne in axenic culture affected by nitrogen supply and defoliation. Plant Soil 216:155-164
Pinior A, Wyss U, Piché Y, Vierheilig H (1999) Plants colonized by AM fungi regulate further root colonization by AM fungi through altered root exudation. Can J Bot 77:891-897
Read DJ, Koucheki HK, Hodgson J (1976) Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza in natural vegetation systems. New Phytol 77:641-653
Reece PE, Bonham CD (1978) Frequency of endomycorrhizal infection in grazed and ungrazed bluegrama plants. J Range Manage 31:149-151
Saint-Pierre C, Busso CA, Montenegro OA, Rodríguez GD, Giorgetti HD, Montani T, Bravo OA (2004) Soil resource acquisition mechanisms, nutrient concentrations and growth in perennial grasses. Interciencia 29:303-310
Saito K, Suyama Y, Sato S, Sugawara K (2004) Defoliation effects on the community structure of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi based on 18S rDNA sequences. Mycorrhiza 14:363-373
Sanders IR, Fitter AH (1992) Evidence for differential responses between host-fungus combinations of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae from a grassland. Mycol Res 96:415-419
Stark S, Grellmann D (2002) Soil microbial responses to herbivory in an arctic tundra heath at two levels of nutrient availability. Ecology 83:2736-2744
Titus JH, Leps J (2000) The response of arbuscular mycorrhizae to fertilization, mowing, and removal of dominant species in a diverse oligotrophic wet meadow. Am J Bot 87:392-401
Toms MP, Siriwardena GM, Greenwood JJD (1999) BTO Report Number 223: Developing a mammal monitoring programme for the UK. British Trust for Ornithology, Thetford UK
Vierheilig H, Coughlan AP, Wyss U, Piché Y (1998) Ink and vinegar, a simple staining technique for arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi. Appl Env Microbiol 64:5004-5007
Wallace LL (1987) Mycorrhizas in grasslands: interactions of ungulates, fungi and drought. New Phytol 105:619-632
Wardle DA, Bardgett RD (2004) Indirect effects of invertebrate herbivory on the decomposer subsystem. In: Weisser WW, Siemann E (eds) Insects and Ecosystem Function. Ecological Studies Volume 173. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Germany, pp53-69
Wearn JA (2006) Effects of above-ground herbivory on rhizosphere community dynamics in lowland grasslands. PhD thesis, University of London UK
Zar JH (1996) Biostatistical Analysis. Fourth Edition. Prentice Hall, New Jersey USA