Robinson, Francis (1998) The British Empire and the fashioning of Muslim identity. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 8
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1. Asim Roy, The Islamic Syncretistic Tradition in Bengal (Princeton, 1983). 2. Susan Bayly, Saints, Goddesses and Kings: Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society, 1700-1900, (Cambridge, 1989) 3. Jawaharlal Nehru, The Discovery of India, (Calcutta, 1946): M. Mujeeb, The Indian Muslims (1967); Mushirul Hasan, Legacy of a Divided National: Indiaï½s Muslims since Independence, (Delhi, 1997). For a recent critique of the composite culture thesis see Cynthia Talbot, `Inscribing the Other, Inscribing the Self: Hindu-Muslim Identities in Pre- Colonial India', Comparative Studies in Society and History, 37, 4, October 1995, 692-722. 4. Cited in Annemarie Schimmel, Islam in the Indian Subcontinent,(Leiden, 198), p. 121. 5. David Ludden, `Orientalist Empiricism: Transformations of Colonial Knowledge', `Orientalist Empiricism: Transformations of Colonial Knowledgeï½, ed. Carol A. Breckenridge and Peter Van Der Veer, (Delhi, 1994), 250-78. 6. Rafiuddin Ahmed, The Bengal Muslims 1871-1906: a quest for identity (Delhi, 1981), 72-133. 7. Mohiuddin Ahmad, Saiyid Ahmad Shahid: His Life and Mission (Lucknow, 1975). 8. S.F. Dale, Islamic Society on the South Asian Frontier: The Mappilas of Malabar, 1498-1922, (Oxford, 1980). 9. Muin-ud-Din Ahmad Khan, A History of the Faraï½idi Movement in Bengal, (Karachi, 1965). 10. Barbara Daly Metcalf, Islamic Revival in British India: Deoband 1860-1900, (Princeton, 1982). 11. M. Anwarul Haq, The Faith Movement of Mawlana Muhammad Ilyas, (1972); Seyyed Vali Reza Nasr, The Jama`at-i Islami of Pakistan, (Berkeley, 1994). 12. Altaf al-Rahman Qidwai, Anwar-i Razzaqiya, (Lucknow, n.d.), 17; C. Liebeskind, `Sufism, Sufi Leadership and `Modernisation' in South Asia since c.1800' (PhD thesis, London University, 1995), 317; J.R.I. Cole, Roots of North Indian Shi`ism in Iran and Iraq: Religion and the State in Awadh, 1722-1959, (Berkeley, 1988), 237. 13. Francis Robinson, `Islam and the Impact of Print in South Asia', `Islam and the impact of print in South Asiaï½, in Nigel Crook, ed., The Transmission of Knowledge in South Asia: Essays on Education, Religion, History and Politics, (Delhi, 1996), 62-97. 14. Christian W. Troll, `Five Letters of Maulana Ilyas (1885- 1944), The Founder of the Tablighi Jama`at: Translated, Annotated and Introduced', Christian W. Troll, ed., Islam in India: Studies and Commentaries, (Delhi, 1985), 138-76, 15. Seyyed Vali Reza Nasr, Mawdudi and the Making of Islamic Revivalism, (Oxford, 1996), 27-46. 16. Francis Robinson, Separatism Among Indian Muslims: the Politics of the United Provincesï½ Muslims 1860-1923, (Cambridge, 1974), 126-27. 17. Liebeskind, `Sufism', 294-308; K.A. Nizami `Socio-Religious Movements in Indian Islam (1763-1898)', S.T. Lokhandwalla, ed., India and Contemporary Islam, (Simla,1971), 109-110. 18. Robinson, Separatism, 2. 19. Ibid. 131. 20. Ibid. 134. 21. Ibid. 84-174. 22. Ibid. 98. 23. Francis Robinson `The Congress and the Muslims', Paul R. Brass and Francis Robinson, eds., Indian National Congress and Indian Society 1885-1985: Ideology, Social Structure, and Political Dominance, (Delhi, 1987), 162-83. 24. Christopher Shackle and Javed Majeed, Eds., and Trans., Haliï½s Musaddas: the Flow and Ebb of Islam (Delhi, 1997), 147. 25. A. Jalal, The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan, (Cambridge, 1985). 26. Jacob M. Landau, The Politics of Pan-Islam: Ideology and Organization, (Oxford, 1990). 27. F.E. Peters, The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places, (Princeton, 1994), 266-362; C. Snouck Hurgronje, Mekka in the Latter Part of the 19th Century (London, 1931). 28. Robinson, Separatism, 186. 29. Ralph Russell, `The Development of the Modern Novel in Urdu', the Novel in India: Its Birth and Development, T.W. Clark, ed., (London, 1970), 110-17. It should be noted, however, that Sarshar was a Hindu but his work was successful because of the Muslim market for work of this kind. 30. Muhammad Sadiq, A History of Urdu Literature, 2nd ed., (Delhi, 1984), 430-35. 31. Ibid., 358-68. 32. Ibid., 347-51. 33. Ibid., 450. 34. Abdul Halim Sharar, Lucknow: the Last Phase of an Oriental Culture, E.S. Harcourt and Fakhir Husain, ed., and trans., (London 1975 176. 35. Mohamed Ali, My Life: A Gragment, Afzal Iqbal, ed., (Lahore, 1942), 35-6. 36. Gail Minault, the Khilafat Movement: Religious symbolism and Political Mobilization in India (Columbia, 1982). 37. Francis Robinson, `Prophets without Honour: the Ahmadiyya' History Today, 40, June 1990, 42-7; Mumtaz Ahmad, `Tablighi Jama`at', The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World, John L. Esposito, ed., 4, 165-69. 38. Barbara D. Metcalf, `Reading and Writing about Muslim Women in British India', Forging Identities: Gender, Communities and the State, Zoya Hasan,ed., (Delhi, 1994), 3. 39. Gail Minault, Secluded Scholars: Womenï½s Education and Muslim Social Reform in Colonial India, (Delhi, 1998); Azra Asghar Ali, `The Emergence of Feminism Among Indian Muslim Women 1920-47' (PhD thesis, University of London, 1996). 40. Ali, `Emergence of Feminism'. 41. Barbara D. Metcalf, Perfecting Women: Maulana Ashraf `Ali Thanawiâs Bihisti Zewar: a Partial Translation with Commentary, (Berkeley,1990). 42. Abul A'la Maududi, Purdah and the Status of Women in Islam, (New Delhi, 1974). 43. Cited in Faisal Fatehali Devji `Gender and the Politics of Space: the movement for women's reform, 1857-1900', Hasan, ed., Forging Identities, 35-36. 44. Ali, `Emergence of Feminismâ, 259-381. 45. Paola Bacchetta, `Communal Property\Sexual Property: on representations of Muslim women in a Hindu nationalist discourse', ed. Hasan, Forging Identities, 188-225. 46. Ayesha Jalal, `The Convenience of Subservience: Women and the State of Pakistan', ed. Deniz Kandiyoti, Women, Islam & the State, (Basingstoke, 1991),77-114. 47. Francis Robinson, `Religious Change and the Self in Muslim South Asia since 1800', South Asia, XX, 1, 1997, 1-15. 48. Ibid. 49. Translation of part of Iqbal's poem `God's Talk with Man' in N.P. Ankiyev, `The Doctrine of Personality', ed. H. Malik Iqbal: Poet-Philosopher of Pakistan (New York, 1971), 274. 50. Robinson, `Religious Change', 13-15.